persuasive essay a counter argument

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8 counter argument examples to help you write a strong essay.

By Evans Oct 26, 2020

A one-sided essay is like a beautiful dish with no flavor. Everyone looks at it, but nobody wants to partake of it. An essay presenting one side of a debate shows that you are not reasonable. Instead of persuading your readers, it ends up feeling like you’re just forcing an opinion on them. How do you change this? How do you make your essay interesting and persuasive? Counter argument! You heard me right. Using the counter argument is one of the best ways that you can strengthen your essay.

Before we proceed further, what exactly is a counter-argument? An academic essay means that you need to come up with a thesis, a strong one at that, and even stronger points that support that particular thesis . You also need to come up with an argument that opposes your thesis. This is what we call a counter-argument. It is basically, an argument that is against your thesis.

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What is the purpose of a counter-argument?

When writing an essay, especially to persuade, you need to put yourself in the shoes of your readers. What are they likely to think about your thesis? How can they possibly argue against it? What questions might they have against the idea you are trying to sell to them? A counter-argument allows you to creatively and wisely respond to these questions. A counter-argument clears any doubts that your reader may have on your argument. It also shows them that you are the bigger person by actually addressing arguments against your thesis.

Counter argument examples

Let’s say your argument is about getting the patient to consent to it, rather than have the doctors decide on it.

A reader might argue: a patient may be too sickly to even consent for euthanasia.

Refutal: you can refute the counter-argument by proving that it is possible to get a patient in the right frame long enough to sign the consent form.

Overprotective parents

Argument: overprotective parents often treat their grown-up children like babies. As a result, these children grow to be very dependent on the parents and unable to make decisions on their own.

Counter-argument: parents have seen more than their children. Protecting them from the problems they encountered saves the children from getting hurt.

Refutal: Though parents think that shielding their grown children protects them from the dangerous world, they only end up protecting children from living. As a result, if such a child makes a mistake, it might be very hard for them to recover from it.

Getting a dog as a pet for young children

Argument: getting a dog as a pet for younger children is not a very good idea as children may not understand how to take care of the dog.

Counter-argument: having a pet teaches the children responsibility.

Rebuttal: While it is true that having a pet can teach kids how to become more responsible, the fact remains that taking care of a pet is a full-time job. A pet is not like a toy that you can discard when tired of it. Young kids may not have the stamina or the time to take care of a pet.

Exposure to technology

Argument: Technology provides children with an amazing learning experience. Children who have been exposed to technology learn pretty first how to deal and respond to different situations better than students who have no exposure to technology.

You may also like: How to write a technology essay: tips, topics, and examples

Counter argument: early exposure to entertainment and violence affects the cognitive skills of a child.

Rebuttal: Although some form of technology may affect the cognitive skills of a child, it doesn’t mean that children should be kept away from technology. There are learning programs that provide a better learning experience as compared to formal education. Doing away with technology is not the answer. The answer is controlling what children are exposed to.

Argument: taking part in elections is not only a right but a responsibility that every citizen should participate in.

Counter-argument: It is better not to vote than vote in a corrupt person.

Rebuttal: While you might feel like not taking part in the voting process keeps you from the guilt of choosing the wrong person, the truth is that you only give other people the right to choose for you. This means that if a corrupt person gets in, you’re still responsible for not voting for a better candidate.

Argument: Smoking should not be allowed on campuses.

Counter-argument: smoking is not illegal, especially to someone above 18 years old. Since it is not illegal, students should be allowed to smoke within the campus vicinity.

Rebuttal: indeed, smoking is not illegal. However, smoking on campus can prove to be fatal especially to students with health issues such as asthma. It is widely known that smoking affects not just the person holding the cigar but everyone else around them. Therefore, to keep students safe, smoking should not be allowed on campus.

Animal testing

Argument: animals should not be used as test subjects.

Counter-argument: animals happen to be the best test method for health products

Rebuttal: While it is true that over the years animals have been used as test subjects, it doesn’t change the fact that these tests often subject animals to excruciating pain. Research shows that there are better alternatives that can be used, thereby saving animals from unnecessary pain.

Cyberbullying

Argument: Cyberbullying is a serious issue and therefore it is very important to understand how to protect yourself from cyberbullies.

Counter-argument: the victims do not need to learn how to protect themselves and use the internet fearfully. The internet should be made secure for every user and all cyberbullying should be put to jail.

Rebuttal: nobody deserves to be afraid while using the internet. However, while it is a very good idea to have all cyberbullies jailed, that remains to be just a dream. This is because almost everyone can be a cyber-bully at one point or another. It, therefore, remains your responsibility to protect yourself and also learn how to handle cyberbullying.

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Final thoughts

As the examples show, a good persuasive essay should contain your thesis statement , a counter-argument, and a rebuttal of the counter-argument. This makes your essay strong, very persuasive, and with a very good flavor.

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Counterarguments

A counterargument involves acknowledging standpoints that go against your argument and then re-affirming your argument. This is typically done by stating the opposing side’s argument, and then ultimately presenting your argument as the most logical solution. The counterargument is a standard academic move that is used in argumentative essays because it shows the reader that you are capable of understanding and respecting multiple sides of an argument.

Counterargument in two steps

Respectfully acknowledge evidence or standpoints that differ from your argument.

Refute the stance of opposing arguments, typically utilizing words like “although” or “however.”

In the refutation, you want to show the reader why your position is more correct than the opposing idea.

Where to put a counterargument

Can be placed within the introductory paragraph to create a contrast for the thesis statement.

May consist of a whole paragraph that acknowledges the opposing view and then refutes it.

• Can be one sentence acknowledgements of other opinions followed by a refutation.

Why use a counterargument?

Some students worry that using a counterargument will take away from their overall argument, but a counterargument may make an essay more persuasive because it shows that the writer has considered multiple sides of the issue. Barnet and Bedau (2005) propose that critical thinking is enhanced through imagining both sides of an argument. Ultimately, an argument is strengthened through a counterargument.

Examples of the counterargument structure

• Argument against smoking on campus:  Admittedly, many students would like to smoke on campus. Some people may rightly argue that if smoking on campus is not illegal, then it should be permitted; however, second-hand smoke may cause harm to those who have health issues like asthma, possibly putting them at risk.
• Argument against animal testing:  Some people argue that using animals as test subjects for health products is justifiable. To be fair, animal testing has been used in the past to aid the development of several vaccines, such as small pox and rabies. However, animal testing for beauty products causes unneeded pain to animals. There are alternatives to animal testing. Instead of using animals, it is possible to use human volunteers. Additionally, Carl Westmoreland (2006) suggests that alternative methods to animal research are being developed; for example, researchers are able to use skin constructed from cells to test cosmetics. If alternatives to animal testing exist, then the practice causes unnecessary animal suffering and should not be used.

Harvey, G. (1999). Counterargument. Retrieved from writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/counter- argument

Westmoreland, C. (2006; 2007). “Alternative Tests and the 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive.” Hester, R. E., & Harrison, R. M. (Ed.) Alternatives to animal testing (1st Ed.). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.

Barnet, S., Bedau, H. (Eds.). (2006). Critical thinking, reading, and writing . Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

Contributor: Nathan Lachner

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Writing a Paper: Responding to Counterarguments

Basics of counterarguments.

When constructing an argument, it is important to consider any counterarguments a reader might make. Acknowledging the opposition shows that you are knowledgeable about the issue and are not simply ignoring other viewpoints. Addressing counterarguments also gives you an opportunity to clarify and strengthen your argument, helping to show how your argument is stronger than other arguments.

Incorporating counterarguments into your writing can seem counterintuitive at first, and some writers may be unsure how to do so. To help you incorporate counterarguments into your argument, we recommend following the steps: (a) identify, (b) investigate, (c) address, and (d) refine.

Identify the Counterarguments

First you need to identify counterarguments to your own argument. Ask yourself, based on your argument, what might someone who disagrees counter in response? You might also discover counterarguments while doing your research, as you find authors who may disagree with your argument.

For example, if you are researching the current opioid crisis in the United States, your argument might be: State governments should allocate part of the budget for addiction recovery centers in communities heavily impacted by the opioid crisis . A few counterarguments might be:

• Recovery centers are not proven to significantly help people with addiction.
• The state’s money should go to more pressing concerns such as...
• Establishing and maintaining a recovery center is too costly.
• Addicts are unworthy of assistance from the state. 

Investigate the Counterarguments

Analyze the counterarguments so that you can determine whether they are valid. This may require assessing the counterarguments with the research you already have or by identifying logical fallacies . You may also need to do additional research.

In the above list, the first three counterarguments can be researched. The fourth is a moral argument and therefore can only be addressed in a discussion of moral values, which is usually outside the realm of social science research. To investigate the first, you could do a search for research that studies the effectiveness of recovery centers. For the second, you could look at the top social issues in states around the country. Is the opioid crisis the main concern or are there others? For the third, you could look for public financial data from a recovery center or interview someone who works at one to get a sense of the costs involved. 

Address the Counterarguments

Address one or two counterarguments in a rebuttal. Now that you have researched the counterarguments, consider your response. In your essay, you will need to state and refute these opposing views to give more credence to your argument. No matter how you decide to incorporate the counterargument into your essay, be sure you do so with objectivity, maintaining a formal and scholarly tone . 

Considerations when writing:

• Will you discredit the counteragument by bringing in contradictory research?
• Will you concede that the point is valid but that your argument still stands as the better view? (For example, perhaps it is very costly to run a recovery center, but the societal benefits offset that financial cost.)
• Placement . You can choose to place the counterargument toward the beginning of the essay, as a way to anticipate opposition, or you can place it toward the end of the essay, after you have solidly made the main points of your argument. You can also weave a counterargument into a body paragraph, as a way to quickly acknowledge opposition to a main point. Which placement is best depends on your argument, how you’ve organized your argument, and what placement you think is most effective.
• Weight . After you have addressed the counterarguments, scan your essay as a whole. Are you spending too much time on them in comparison to your main points? Keep in mind that if you linger too long on the counterarguments, your reader might learn less about your argument and more about opposing viewpoints instead. 

Refine Your Argument

Considering counterarguments should help you refine your own argument, clarifying the relevant issues and your perspective. Furthermore, if you find yourself agreeing with the counterargument, you will need to revise your thesis statement and main points to reflect your new thinking. 

Templates for Responding to Counterarguments

There are many ways you can incorporate counterarguments, but remember that you shouldn’t just mention the counterargument—you need to respond to it as well. You can use these templates (adapted from Graff & Birkenstein, 2009) as a starting point for responding to counterarguments in your own writing.

• The claim that _____ rests upon the questionable assumption that _____.
• X may have been true in the past, but recent research has shown that ________.
• By focusing on _____, X has overlooked the more significant problem of _____.
• Although I agree with X up to a point, I cannot accept the overall conclusion that _____.
• Though I concede that _____, I still insist that _____.
• Whereas X has provided ample evidence that ____, Y and Z’s research on ____ and ____ convinces me that _____ instead.
• Although I grant that _____, I still maintain that _____.
• While it is true that ____, it does not necessarily follow that _____.

Graff, G., & Birkenstein, C. (2009). They say/I say: The moves that matter in academic writing (2 nd ed.). Norton.

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How to Write a Counter Argument: A Step-by-Step Guide

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A counter argument is a crucial element in debates and persuasive essays. It adds depth and complexity to an argument by considering different perspectives and opposing viewpoints. Incorporating a counter argument strengthens your position, demonstrates logical reasoning, and shows that you have critically evaluated the topic. In this article, we will guide you through the steps to writing a compelling counter argument.

Understanding Counter Arguments

Definition of a counter argument.

Before delving into the specifics of writing a counter argument, it's important to understand what it is. A counter argument is an opposing argument to the one you are presenting. It's a statement that challenges or disagrees with your main argument. It's not simply a contradiction, but an informed and well-supported statement that offers a contrasting viewpoint.

For example, if you were arguing in favor of stricter gun control laws, a counter argument might be that such laws infringe upon an individual's Second Amendment rights. This counter argument acknowledges the opposing viewpoint and presents a valid argument against your position.

It's important to note that counter arguments should not be dismissed or ignored. Rather, they should be addressed and refuted with evidence and logical reasoning.

Importance of Counter Arguments in Debates and Essays

Counter arguments are essential in debates and persuasive essays as they provide an opportunity to explore the topic from different angles, anticipate objections, refute opposing views, and strengthen your own argument. They show that you have a comprehensive understanding of the topic and have considered all perspectives.

Furthermore, counter arguments can actually strengthen your own argument. By addressing and refuting opposing views, you demonstrate that you have thoroughly researched the topic and have a deep understanding of the subject matter. This can lend credibility to your argument and make it more persuasive.

Additionally, including counter arguments in your writing shows that you are open-minded and willing to consider different viewpoints. This can help you connect with readers who may have differing opinions and increase the likelihood that they will be receptive to your argument.

In conclusion, understanding and effectively utilizing counter arguments is an important aspect of persuasive writing. By acknowledging opposing viewpoints and addressing them with evidence and logic, you can strengthen your own argument and make it more persuasive.

Identifying the Main Argument

When it comes to writing a counter argument, the first step is to identify the main argument that you are opposing. This may seem like an easy task, but it can be quite challenging, especially if the argument is complex. The main argument is usually found in the thesis statement of the essay or debate. The thesis statement is a concise summary of the author's main argument or position. It is the backbone of the entire piece of writing and sets the tone for the rest of the essay or debate.

Analyzing the Thesis Statement

Once you have located the thesis statement, it is important to analyze it carefully. You need to understand what the author is trying to argue and what position they are taking. This will help you to form a clear and concise counter argument. To analyze the thesis statement, you should ask yourself a series of questions. What is the author's main argument? What evidence do they use to support their argument? What assumptions do they make? What are the implications of their argument?

By answering these questions, you will gain a deeper understanding of the author's position and be better equipped to craft a persuasive counter argument.

Recognizing Supporting Points

Once you have a clear understanding of the author's main argument, it is time to identify the supporting points that they present in the essay or debate. Supporting points are the specific examples, facts, or statistics that the author uses to bolster their main argument. By recognizing these supporting points, you will be able to evaluate the strength of the opposing argument and determine which points you need to address in your counter argument.

It is important to note that not all supporting points are created equal. Some may be more convincing than others, and some may be based on faulty reasoning or incomplete information. It is your job as the counter argument writer to carefully evaluate each supporting point and determine its validity.

In conclusion, identifying the main argument and recognizing supporting points are crucial steps in writing a strong counter argument. By taking the time to analyze the thesis statement and evaluate the supporting points, you will be able to craft a persuasive and effective counter argument that challenges the author's position and offers a compelling alternative viewpoint.

Researching Opposing Views

Finding credible sources.

Once you have analyzed the main argument, it's time to research different perspectives and opposing views. This will help you to build a more comprehensive understanding of the topic and to find evidence to support your own counter argument. It's important to find credible sources that are reliable and unbiased.

Evaluating the Strength of Opposing Arguments

When conducting research, it's important to evaluate the strength of the opposing arguments. This will help you to anticipate objections and strengthen your own counter argument. Evaluate the evidence presented in the opposing argument and consider its relevance, reliability, and strength.

Formulating Your Counter Argument

Addressing the opposing view.

The first step in formulating your counter argument is to address the opposing view. This means acknowledging the main argument and explaining why you disagree with it. Be clear and concise in your explanation and support your position with evidence and logic.

Providing Evidence to Support Your Counter Argument

Once you have addressed the opposing view, it's time to provide evidence to support your own counter argument. This could include statistics, expert opinions, case studies, or personal experiences. Make sure that your evidence is credible and relevant to the topic at hand.

Demonstrating Logical Reasoning

It's essential to demonstrate logical reasoning in your counter argument. This means explaining the logical steps you have taken to arrive at your position and using clear and concise language to articulate your views. Avoid emotional language and stick to the facts to make your argument more persuasive.

Incorporating Counter Arguments in Your Writing

Choosing the right placement.

The placement of your counter argument is crucial to its effectiveness. You should place it in a strategic location in your essay or debate where it will have the most impact. This could be at the beginning of the essay, in the body paragraphs, or at the end of the essay.

Balancing Your Argument and Counter Argument

It's important to strike a balance between your main argument and your counter argument. Your counter argument should not overwhelm your main argument, but rather enhance it. Make sure that your counter argument is presented in a way that is respectful to the opposing view and that it strengthens your own position.

Using Transitions for Clarity and Flow

Finally, use transitions to ensure that your counter argument flows smoothly and is easy to follow. Transitions are words or phrases that connect ideas and paragraphs, making your argument more cohesive. Examples of transitions include "however," "on the other hand," "in contrast," and "nevertheless."

ChatGPT Prompt for Writing a Counter Argument

Use the following prompt in an AI chatbot . Below each prompt, be sure to provide additional details about your situation. These could be scratch notes, what you'd like to say or anything else that guides the AI model to write a certain way.

Compose a written response that presents a viewpoint opposing the original argument, providing evidence and reasoning to support your position.

[ADD ADDITIONAL CONTEXT. CAN USE BULLET POINTS.]

By following these steps, you can write a compelling counter argument that adds depth and complexity to your essay or debate. A strong counter argument shows that you have thoroughly researched the topic, evaluated all perspectives, and arrived at a logical and well-supported position. Use these guidelines to write a counter argument that is convincing, well-reasoned, and enhances your overall argument.

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5.7.3: Counter Argument Paragraphs

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• Athena Kashyap & Erika Dyquisto
• City College of San Francisco via ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative

Counter-Argument Paragraphs

The purpose of a counter argument is to consider (and show that you are considering) perspectives other than your own. A counter-argument tears down other viewpoints; it does not build up your own, which you should do in separate paragraphs.

Placement of Counter-Arguments in an Essay

A counter argument can appear anywhere in the essay, but it most commonly appears:

• As part of your introduction—before you propose your thesis—where the existence of a different view is the motive for your essay. This works if your entire essay will be a counter-argument and you are not building up your own argument.
• As a section or paragraph just after your introduction, in which you lay out the expected reaction or standard position of opposing viewpoints before turning away to develop your own.
• As a quick move within a paragraph, where you imagine a counter-argument not to your main idea but to the sub-idea that the paragraph is arguing or is about to argue.
• As a section or paragraph just before the conclusion of your essay, in which you imagine what someone might object to in what you have argued. (However, this is really too late to be very effective in persuading someone to your position. It only shows you are considering other points of view.

Watch that you don't overdo it. A turn into counter argument here and there will sharpen and energize your essay, but too many such turns will have the reverse effect by obscuring your main idea or suggesting that you're ambivalent about your point of view. At the worst, it can sound like you are contradicting yourself. Writing a lead-in sentence with subordination or concession can help avoid this problem.

Example Counter-Argument

The following paragraph explains an opposing point of view to the writer's position in almost the whole paragraph. Words in bold italics explain the essential component of a counter-argument that a writer is doing in the following sentence(s).

The next paragraph is the counter-argument to the previous paragraph. Notice, however, that this count-argument does have some problems. The writer doesn't distinguish between public and private charter schools and also creates some logical fallacies in the process. Counter-arguments should be logically solid, cite sources, and argue logically.

At this point, the writer would then begin to argue their point of view with sub-claims and facts developed in a number of paragraphs to support their thesis.

If a writer is constructing an entire essay as a counter-argument, then the writer will need to fully develop multiple, well-supported arguments against the other point of view. The writer may also want to point out any logical flaws or other errors in the argument that they oppose.

Contributors and Attributions

• Revision, Adaptation, and Original Content. Provided by: Libretexts. License: CC BY-SA 4.0: Attribution.

This page most recently updated on June 6, 2020.

25 Counterargument Examples

A counterargument is a response, rebuttal, or refutation of an argument with your own argument. Its purpose is to oppose and disprove a theory that someone else has put forward.

We use counterarguments extensively in debates as well as argumentative essay writing.

When teaching essay writing, I teach my students to always present counterarguments to their opponents’ points of view. This helps them to strengthen their own argument and demonstrate awareness of potential rebuttals.

Below are some methods, with examples, that could be used – be it in essay writing, debates, or any other communication genre.

Counterargument Examples

1. empirical challenges.

An empirical challenge is, simply, a rebuttal that challenges the facts presented by the opponent, showing that their facts are wrong and yours are right.

To undermine your opponent’s set of facts, it will be your job to present facts that show that the opponent’s supposed facts are wrong, perhaps due to misreading data or cherry-picking.

Then, you would need to present concrete information, data, or evidence that negates the claim or conclusion of an opponent’s argument.

The core strength of empirical challenges is in their reliance on hard facts and numbers, which are difficult to refute without equally credible opposing data.

Example of Empirical Challenge: If your opponent argues that global warming isn’t a serious issue, an empirical challenge would be to provide scientific data or research studies showing the increase in global temperatures and the harmful effects.

See Also: Empirical Evidence Examples

2. Challenging the Relevance

Challenging the relevance means questioning whether your opponent’s argument or perspective is applicable to the discussion at hand.

This sort of counter-argument seeks to destabilize your opponent’s view by showing that, while their facts or arguments might be sound in isolation, they do not bear any relation to, or are unfit for, the topic at hand, making them irrelevant.

The power of relevance challenge lays in its ability to destabilize your opponent’s argument without needing to directly dispute the truth of their claims.

Example of Challenging the Relevance: You will often find this argument when comparing the usefulness of various research methodologies for a research project. Multiple research methods may be valid, but there’s likely one that’s best for any given study.

See Also: Relevance Examples

3. Reductio ad absurdum

Reductio ad absurdum is a latin term that means reducing to the absurd . This method involves demonstrating the absurdity of an opponent’s argument by showing its illogical or extreme consequences.

The goal is to show that if the argument were valid, it would inevitably lead to senseless or ridiculous outcomes.

The application of reductio ad absurdum is especially effective in debates or discussions where flawed logic or hyperbolic statements are used to influence the audience’s opinion, as it discredits the credibility of the other person’s argument.

Example of Reductio ad absurdum : Consider a scenario where someone argues for the total removal of all regulations on vehicle speed to improve the efficiency of transportation. You can counter this argument through reductio ad absurdum by stating, “By that logic, let’s allow cars to travel at 200 miles per hour down residential streets. After all, it would make the mail delivery much faster!” It becomes evident that permitting extremely high speeds could lead to dangerous conditions and potential for disastrous accidents.

4. Pointing Out Logical Fallacies

The strategy of pointing out logical fallacies involves identifying and highlighting flaws in your opponent’s reasoning.

In a debate or discussion, logical fallacies are often subtle errors that lead to invalid conclusions or arguments.

By identifying these fallacies, you avoid being swayed by flawed reasoning and instead promote cognizant, logical thought.

Successful use of this strategy requires a good understanding of the different kinds of logical fallacies , such as straw man fallacies, ad hominem attacks, and appeals to ignorance.

Example of Pointing Out Logical Fallacies: Consider an argument where your opponent asserts, “All cats I’ve ever seen have been aloof, so all cats must be aloof.” This is a hasty generalization fallacy, where a conclusion about all members of a group is drawn from inadequate sample size.

5. Counterexamples

A counterexample is an example that opposes or contradicts an argument or theory proposed by another.

The use of a counterexample is a practical and powerful means of rebutting an argument or theory that has been presented as absolute or universally applicable.

When you provide a singular example that contradicts your opponent’s proposed theory, it demonstrates the theory isn’t universally true and therefore, weakens their argument.

However, this tactic requires sound knowledge and a good command of subject matter to be able to identify and present valid exceptions.

Example of Counterexamples: Consider an argument where someone states that “Mammals can’t lay eggs.” A solid counterexample would be the platypus, a mammal that does lay eggs. This single example is sufficient to contradict the universal claim.

6. Using Hypotheticals

Hypothetical situations, in essence, are imagined scenarios used to refute your opponent’s point of view. It’s, in essence, an example that is plausible, but not real.

Using hypotheticals assists in clarifying the ramifications of a particular argument, policy, or theory. When a hypothetical scenario effectively illustrates the flaws or shortcomings of your opponent’s viewpoint, it can completely unsettle their position.

However, care must be taken to frame the hypotheticals reasonably and realistically, lest they distort the argument or derail the conversation.

Example of Using Hypotheticals: If someone argues that raising the minimum wage will lead to job loss, you could counter with a hypothetical that if businesses paid their employees more, those employees would have more spending power, bolstering the economy and creating more jobs.

7. Comparison and Contrast

Comparison and contrast entails directly comparing your argument to your opponent’s, showing the strength of your perspective and the weakness of the opponent’s.

This tool allows you to support your arguments or disprove your opponent’s by using existing examples or situations that illustrate your point clearly.

The technique relies heavily on the logical thinking of comparing two or more entities in a manner that is informative, convincing, and significant to the argument.

Example of Comparison and Contrast: Let’s say, for instance, you are arguing against privatization of public utilities. You could compare the rates and services of private utilities to those of public ones showing that private companies often charge more for the same services, thereby supporting your argument against privatization.

See More: Compare and Contrast Examples

8. Challenging Biases

Challenging biases involves questioning the objectivity of your opponent’s argument by pointing out the predispositions that may influence their perspective.

Biases can greatly affect the validity and reliability of an argument because they can skew the interpretation of information and hinder fair judgement.

By challenging biases, you can expose the partiality in your opponent’s argument, thereby diminishing its credibility and persuasiveness.

However, it’s important to respectfully and tactfully challenge biases to prevent the discussion from turning into a personal attack.

Example of Challenging Biases: If your opponent is a staunch supporter of a political party and they provide an argument that solely favors this party, you could challenge their bias by questioning whether their support for the party is unduly influencing their viewpoint, hence the need for them to consider the opposing perspectives.

See More: List of Different Biases

9. Ethical Dispute

Ethical disputes involve challenging your opponent’s argument based on moral values or principles.

Ethics play a crucial role in shaping people’s beliefs, attitudes, and actions. Therefore, ethical disputes can serve as powerful counterarguments, especially in debates concerning sensitive or controversial topics.

If your opponent’s position contradicts generally accepted ethical norms or values, you can point this out to weaken their argument.

Just remember, ethics can occasionally be subjective and personal, so it’s important to approach ethical disputes with sensitivity and respect.

Example of Ethical Dispute: If your opponent supports factory farming based on economic benefits, you could challenge their argument by pointing out the ethical issues related to animal welfare and the environment.

10. Challenging the Source

Challenging the source is a tactic used to question the credibility or reliability of the information used by your opponent in their argument.

This technique focuses on examining the origin of the evidence presented, probing whether the source is credible, trusted, and free from bias.

To do this, I recommend using this media literacy framework .

If the source used by your opponent is flawed, biased or unreliable, their argument loses credibility, making your position stronger.

Example of Challenging the Source: If your opponent uses an obscure blog as their primary source of their argument on a scientific topic, you could challenge the source by questioning its credibility and offering information from reputable scientific journals instead.

See More: Good Sources for Essay Writing

A Full List of Methods for Counterargument

• Empirical challenges
• Challenging the relevance
• Reductio ad absurdum
• Pointing out logical fallacies
• Counterexamples
• Using hypotheticals
• Comparison and contrast
• Challenging biases
• Ethical dispute
• Challenging the source
• Questioning assumptions
• Slippery slope argument
• Challenging a false dichtomy
• Historical Precedent
• Anecdotal Evidence
• Challenging the Definition
• Socratic Questioning
• Highlighting Unintended Consequences
• Appeal to Emotion
• Challenging the Frame
• Highlighting Inconsistencies
• Challenging Completeness
• Temporal Challenge
• Offering alternative explanations
• Exposing oversimplifications
• Appeal to authority

Counterargument is an essential skill for debaters and essay writers. You need to be able to know and understand strategies for countering the arguments of your opponents to position your argument in the best light possible. To do this, we have to vectors of attack: First, you can undermine their arguments and demonstrate the flaws. Second, you can present your argument as stronger.

The key, however, is to ensure your arguments are as airtight and foolproof as possible to prevent effective rebuttals to your own counterarguments!

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ Social-Emotional Learning (Definition, Examples, Pros & Cons)
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ What is Educational Psychology?
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ What is IQ? (Intelligence Quotient)
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 5 Top Tips for Succeeding at University

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Writing a Persuasive Essay

Persuasive essays convince readers to accept a certain perspective. Writing a persuasive essay therefore entails making an argument that will appeal to readers, so they believe what you say has merit. This act of appealing to readers is the art of persuasion, also known as rhetoric. In classical rhetoric, persuasion involves appealing to readers using ethos, pathos, and logos.

In this tutorial, we refer to the sample persuasive draft and final paper written by fictional student Maggie Durham.

THE ART OF PERSUASION

Ethos refers to establishing yourself as a credible source of information. To convince an audience of anything, they must first trust you are being earnest and ethical. One strategy to do this is to write a balanced discussion with relevant and reliable research that supports your claims. Reliable research would include quoting or paraphrasing experts, first-hand witnesses, or authorities. Properly citing your sources, so your readers can also retrieve them, is another factor in establishing a reliable ethos. When writing for academic purposes, expressing your argument using unbiased language and a neutral tone will also indicate you are arguing fairly and with consideration of others having differing views.

When you appeal to your readers’ emotions, you are using pathos. This appeal is common in advertising that convinces consumers they lack something and buying a certain product or service will fulfill that lack. Emotional appeals are subtler in academic writing; they serve to engage a reader in the argument and inspire a change of heart or motivate readers toward a course of action. The examples you use, how you define terms, any comparisons you draw, as well as the language choices you use can draw readers in and impact their willingness to go along with your ideas.

Consider that one purpose of persuasion is to appeal to those who do not already agree with you, so it will be important to show that you understand other points of view. You will also want to avoid derogatory or insulting descriptions or remarks about the opposition. You wouldn’t want to offend the very readers you want to persuade.

Establishing an appeal of logos is to write a sound argument, one that readers can follow and understand. To do this, the facts and evidence you use should be relevant, representative, and reliable, and the writing as a whole should be well organized, developed, and edited.

STEPS FOR WRITING PERSUASIVELY

Step one: determine the topic.

The first step in writing a persuasive essay is to establish the topic. The best topic is one that interests you. You can generate ideas for a topic by prewriting, such as by brainstorming whatever comes to mind, recording in grocery-list fashion your thoughts, or freewriting in complete sentences what you know or think about topics of interest.

Whatever topic you choose, it needs to be:

• Interesting : The topic should appeal both to you and to your intended readers.
• Researchable : A body of knowledge should already exist on the topic.
• Nonfiction : The information about the topic should be factual, not based on personal opinions or conspiracy theories.
• Important : Your reader should think the topic is relevant to them or worthy of being explored and discussed.

Our sample student Maggie Durham has selected the topic of educational technology. We will use Maggie’s sample persuasive draft and final paper as we discuss the steps for writing a persuasive essay.

Step Two: Pose a Research Question

Once you have a topic, the next step is to develop a research question along with related questions that delve further into the first question. If you do not know what to ask, start with one of the question words: What? Who? Where? When? Why? and How? The research question helps you focus or narrow the scope of your topic by identifying a problem, controversy, or aspect of the topic that is worth exploration and discussion. Some general questions about a topic would be the following:

• Who is affected by this problem and how?
• Have previous efforts or polices been made to address this problem? – What are they?
• Why hasn’t this problem been solved already?

For Maggie’s topic of educational technology, potential issues or controversies range from data privacy to digital literacy to the impact of technology on learning, which is what Maggie is interested in. Maggie’s local school district has low literacy rates, so Maggie wants to know the following:

• Are there advantages and/or disadvantages of technology within primary and secondary education?
• Which types of technology are considered the best in terms of quality and endurance?
• What types of technology and/or programs do students like using and why?
• Do teachers know how to use certain technologies with curriculum design, instruction, and/or assessment?

Step Three: Draft a Thesis

A thesis is a claim that asserts your main argument about the topic. As you conduct your research and draft your paper, you may discover information that changes your mind about your thesis, so at this point in writing, the thesis is tentative. Still, it is an important step in narrowing your focus for research and writing.

The thesis should

1. be a complete sentence,

2. identify the topic, and

3. make a specific claim about that topic.

In a persuasive paper, the thesis is a claim that someone should believe or do something. For example, a persuasive thesis might assert that something is effective or ineffective. It might state that a policy should be changed or a plan should be implemented. Or a persuasive thesis might be a plea for people to change their minds about a particular issue.

Once you have figured out your research question, your thesis is simply the answer. Maggie’s thesis is “Schools should supply technology aids to all students to increase student learning and literacy rates.” Her next step is to find evidence to support her claim.

Step Four: Research

Once you have a topic, research question, and thesis, you are ready to conduct research. To find sources that would be appropriate for an academic persuasive essay, begin your search in the library. The Purdue Global Library has a number of tutorials on conducting research, choosing search teams, types of sources, and how to evaluate information to determine its reliability and usefulness. Remember that the research you use will not only provide content to prove your claim and develop your essay, but it will also help to establish your credibility as a reliable source (ethos), create a logical framework for your argument (logos), and appeal to your readers emotionally (pathos).

Step Five: Plan Your Argument; Make an Outline

Once you have located quality source information—facts, examples, definitions, knowledge, and other information that answers your research question(s), you’ll want to create an outline to organize it. The example outline below illustrates a logical organizational plan for writing a persuasive essay. The example outline begins with an introduction that presents the topic, explains the issue, and asserts the position (the thesis). The body then provides the reasoning for the position and addresses the opposing viewpoints that some readers may hold. In your paper, you could modify this organization and address the opposing viewpoints first and then give the reasoning for your viewpoints, or you can alternate and give one opposing viewpoint then counter that with your viewpoint and then give another opposing viewpoint and counter that with your viewpoint.

The outline below also considers the alternatives to the position—certainly, there are other ways to think about or address the issue or situation. Considering the alternatives can be done in conjunction with looking at the opposing viewpoints. You do not always have to disagree with other opinions, either. You can acknowledge that another solution could work or another belief is valid. However, at the end of the body section, you will want to stand by your original position and prove that in light of all the opposing viewpoints and other perspectives, your position has the most merit.

Sample Outline of a Persuasive Argument

• 1. Introduction: Tell them what you will tell them.
• a. Present an interesting fact or description to make the topic clear and capture the reader’s attention.
• b. Define and narrow the topic using facts or descriptions to illustrate what the situation or issue is (and that is it important).
• c. Assert the claim (thesis) that something should be believed or done about the issue. (Some writers also briefly state the reasons behind this claim in the thesis as Maggie does in her paper when she claims that schools should supply tablets to students to increase learning , engagement, and literacy rates ).
• 2. Body: Tell them.
• a. Defend the claim with logical reasons and practical examples based on research.
• b. Anticipate objections to the claim and refute or accommodate them with research.
• c. Consider alternate positions or solutions using examples from research.
• d. Present a final point based on research that supports your claim in light of the objections and alternatives considered.
• 3. Conclusion: Tell them what you told them.
• a. Recap the main points to reinforce the importance of the issue.
• b. Restate the thesis in new wording to reinforce your position.
• c. Make a final remark to leave a lasting impression, so the reader will want to continue this conversation and ideally adopt the belief or take the action you are advocating.

In Maggie’s draft, she introduced the topic with facts about school ratings in Texas and then narrowed the topic using the example of her local school district’s literacy rates. She then claimed the district should provide each student a tablet in order to increase learning (and thus, literacy rates).

Maggie defends her claim with a series of examples from research that proved how access to tablets, technology-integrated curriculums, and “flipped classrooms” have improved literacy rates in other districts. She anticipates objections to her proposal due to the high cost of technology and counter argues this with expert opinions and examples that show partnerships with businesses, personalized curriculums that technology makes possible, and teacher training can balance the costs. Maggie included an alternative solution of having students check out tablets from the library, but her research showed that this still left students needing Wi-Fi at home while her proposal would include a plan for students to access Wi-Fi.

Maggie concluded her argument by pointing out the cost of not helping the students in this way and restated her thesis reaffirming the benefits, and then left the reader with a memorable quote.

Click here to see Maggie’s draft with feedback from her instructor and a peer. Sample Persuasive Draft

Feedback, Revision, and Editing

After you write a draft of your persuasive essay, the next step is to have a peer, instructor, or tutor read it and provide feedback. Without reader feedback, you cannot fully know how your readers will react to your argument. Reader feedback is meant to be constructive. Use it to better understand your readers and craft your argument to more appropriately appeal to them.

Maggie received valuable feedback on her draft from her instructor and classmate. They pointed to where her thesis needed to be even more specific, to paragraphs where a different organization would make her argument more convincing, to parts of the paper that lacked examples, sentences that needed revision and editing for greater clarity, and APA formatting that needed to be edited.

Maggie also took a critical look at her paper and looked back at her writing process. One technique she found helpful was to read her paper aloud because it let her know where her wording and organization were not clear. She did this several times as she revised and again as she edited and refined her paper for sentence level clarity and concision.

In the end, Maggie produced a convincing persuasive essay and effective argument that would appeal to readers who are also interested in the way technology can impact and improve student learning, an important topic in 2014 when this paper was written and still relevant today.

Click here to see Maggie’s final draft after revising and editing. Sample Persuasive Revised

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ENG 123 - Composition

Ask a librarian, academic support.

   SNHU Academic Support

What is an Argument?

An argument is an effort to change readers' mind about an issue -- a topic of concern or urgency that is not easily agreed upon due to its complexity. Arguments arise when people disagree on what is true or false, accurate or inaccurate, sufficient or insufficient, about the subject being discussed.

An argument must possess four basic ingredients to be successful. First, it must contain as much  relevant information  about the issue as possible. Second, it must present  convincing evidence  that enables the audience to accept the writer's or speaker's claim as authentic. Third, it must fairly represent  challenging views  and then explain why those views are wrong or limited. And fourth, it must lay out a  pattern of reasoning . That is, it must logically progress from thesis to support of thesis to conclusion.

Source: White, F. D., & Billings, S. J. (2014).  The well-crafted argument: a guide and reader . Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Crafting Your Argument

A strong thesis.

You will craft your topic and research into an argument by establishing your thesis, which will present your topic as a problem that can be researched and refuted by potential counterarguments. Your thesis will clearly state your position on the topic, and your position needs to be debatable (something that reasonable people would have a disagreement on), and not just state facts. For example, if your topic is vaccinations for children , your thesis might look something like this: All children should be vaccinated because... (list a few reasons why). 

The reasons you give to support your thesis should be meaningful and supported by evidence. You can use scholarly articles from the library as supporting evidence; for tips on how to do that, check out the FAQ: How do I find a scholarly article? .

An Organized Argument

After writing a strong thesis statement, the next step is to organize your argument. There are a few ways you can structure your paper, but here is one simple way:

• Introduction and Thesis
• First Claim
• Second Claim
• Third Claim
• Counterargument rebuttal

For more help on crafting an argument and writing a persuasive essay, reach out to the Academic Support Center for support.

Counterargument

Presenting a counterargument is an important component of writing a persuasive essay. Here, you provide acknowledgement and fair representation of those claims that oppose or in some way challenge the claim you are arguing. Here are some steps you can follow to establish and refute a counterargument:

• Ask yourself, what are the possible objectives to my claim? See if you can anticipate refutations to your claim even if you cannot readily locate them.
• Search for actual arguments that challenge your own. Be sure to summarize these arguments fairly; that is, do not omit parts of the claim that you think you would not be able to counterargue.  Note : It is entirely possible that a challenging view will strike you as so convincing that you may want to revise or even abandon your original claim.
• Look for common ground - places where the challenging claim intersects with your own.
• Explain why the challenging claim is incorrect or flawed.

Finding Resources for the Counterargument

You can use the library's resources to help you identify a counterargument and find resources that support it. One way to do this is to do a search using the Multi-Search with keywords like disadvantage , risk , negative , or other words that imply disagreement. For example, if your argument is that all children should be vaccinated, you might try a search like this one to find articles that offer an opposition: vaccinations AND children AND risk . 

You can also search for resources that discuss the overall issue or controversy, rather than focusing on one particular side. Try using additional keywords like debate, controversy, discussion , etc., in your search. Even articles that strongly argue for one side could also present a section on the counterargument to their position. Looking through the full text of any articles you find will help you identify these kinds of resources.

For more help finding resources to support your counterargument, email a librarian at [email protected] !

• << Previous: Evaluating Sources
• Next: Additional Library Resources >>

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Organizing Your Argument

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How can I effectively present my argument?

In order for your argument to be persuasive, it must use an organizational structure that the audience perceives as both logical and easy to parse. Three argumentative methods —the  Toulmin Method , Classical Method , and Rogerian Method — give guidance for how to organize the points in an argument.

Note that these are only three of the most popular models for organizing an argument. Alternatives exist. Be sure to consult your instructor and/or defer to your assignment’s directions if you’re unsure which to use (if any).

Toulmin Method

The  Toulmin Method  is a formula that allows writers to build a sturdy logical foundation for their arguments. First proposed by author Stephen Toulmin in  The Uses of Argument (1958), the Toulmin Method emphasizes building a thorough support structure for each of an argument's key claims.

The basic format for the Toulmin Method  is as follows:

Claim:  In this section, you explain your overall thesis on the subject. In other words, you make your main argument.

Data (Grounds):  You should use evidence to support the claim. In other words, provide the reader with facts that prove your argument is strong.

Warrant (Bridge):  In this section, you explain why or how your data supports the claim. As a result, the underlying assumption that you build your argument on is grounded in reason.

Backing (Foundation):  Here, you provide any additional logic or reasoning that may be necessary to support the warrant.

Counterclaim:  You should anticipate a counterclaim that negates the main points in your argument. Don't avoid arguments that oppose your own. Instead, become familiar with the opposing perspective.   If you respond to counterclaims, you appear unbiased (and, therefore, you earn the respect of your readers). You may even want to include several counterclaims to show that you have thoroughly researched the topic.

Rebuttal:  In this section, you incorporate your own evidence that disagrees with the counterclaim. It is essential to include a thorough warrant or bridge to strengthen your essay’s argument. If you present data to your audience without explaining how it supports your thesis, your readers may not make a connection between the two, or they may draw different conclusions.

Example of the Toulmin Method:

Claim:  Hybrid cars are an effective strategy to fight pollution.

Data1:  Driving a private car is a typical citizen's most air-polluting activity.

Warrant 1:  Due to the fact that cars are the largest source of private (as opposed to industrial) air pollution, switching to hybrid cars should have an impact on fighting pollution.

Data 2:  Each vehicle produced is going to stay on the road for roughly 12 to 15 years.

Warrant 2:  Cars generally have a long lifespan, meaning that the decision to switch to a hybrid car will make a long-term impact on pollution levels.

Data 3:  Hybrid cars combine a gasoline engine with a battery-powered electric motor.

Warrant 3:  The combination of these technologies produces less pollution.

Counterclaim:  Instead of focusing on cars, which still encourages an inefficient culture of driving even as it cuts down on pollution, the nation should focus on building and encouraging the use of mass transit systems.

Rebuttal:  While mass transit is an idea that should be encouraged, it is not feasible in many rural and suburban areas, or for people who must commute to work. Thus, hybrid cars are a better solution for much of the nation's population.

Rogerian Method

The Rogerian Method  (named for, but not developed by, influential American psychotherapist Carl R. Rogers) is a popular method for controversial issues. This strategy seeks to find a common ground between parties by making the audience understand perspectives that stretch beyond (or even run counter to) the writer’s position. Moreso than other methods, it places an emphasis on reiterating an opponent's argument to his or her satisfaction. The persuasive power of the Rogerian Method lies in its ability to define the terms of the argument in such a way that:

• your position seems like a reasonable compromise.
• you seem compassionate and empathetic.

The basic format of the Rogerian Method  is as follows:

Introduction:  Introduce the issue to the audience, striving to remain as objective as possible.

Opposing View : Explain the other side’s position in an unbiased way. When you discuss the counterargument without judgement, the opposing side can see how you do not directly dismiss perspectives which conflict with your stance.

Statement of Validity (Understanding):  This section discusses how you acknowledge how the other side’s points can be valid under certain circumstances. You identify how and why their perspective makes sense in a specific context, but still present your own argument.

Statement of Your Position:  By this point, you have demonstrated that you understand the other side’s viewpoint. In this section, you explain your own stance.

Statement of Contexts : Explore scenarios in which your position has merit. When you explain how your argument is most appropriate for certain contexts, the reader can recognize that you acknowledge the multiple ways to view the complex issue.

Statement of Benefits:  You should conclude by explaining to the opposing side why they would benefit from accepting your position. By explaining the advantages of your argument, you close on a positive note without completely dismissing the other side’s perspective.

Example of the Rogerian Method:

Introduction:  The issue of whether children should wear school uniforms is subject to some debate.

Opposing View:  Some parents think that requiring children to wear uniforms is best.

Statement of Validity (Understanding):  Those parents who support uniforms argue that, when all students wear the same uniform, the students can develop a unified sense of school pride and inclusiveness.

Statement of Your Position : Students should not be required to wear school uniforms. Mandatory uniforms would forbid choices that allow students to be creative and express themselves through clothing.

Statement of Contexts:  However, even if uniforms might hypothetically promote inclusivity, in most real-life contexts, administrators can use uniform policies to enforce conformity. Students should have the option to explore their identity through clothing without the fear of being ostracized.

Statement of Benefits:  Though both sides seek to promote students' best interests, students should not be required to wear school uniforms. By giving students freedom over their choice, students can explore their self-identity by choosing how to present themselves to their peers.

Classical Method

The Classical Method of structuring an argument is another common way to organize your points. Originally devised by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (and then later developed by Roman thinkers like Cicero and Quintilian), classical arguments tend to focus on issues of definition and the careful application of evidence. Thus, the underlying assumption of classical argumentation is that, when all parties understand the issue perfectly, the correct course of action will be clear.

The basic format of the Classical Method  is as follows:

Introduction (Exordium): Introduce the issue and explain its significance. You should also establish your credibility and the topic’s legitimacy.

Statement of Background (Narratio): Present vital contextual or historical information to the audience to further their understanding of the issue. By doing so, you provide the reader with a working knowledge about the topic independent of your own stance.

Proposition (Propositio): After you provide the reader with contextual knowledge, you are ready to state your claims which relate to the information you have provided previously. This section outlines your major points for the reader.

Proof (Confirmatio): You should explain your reasons and evidence to the reader. Be sure to thoroughly justify your reasons. In this section, if necessary, you can provide supplementary evidence and subpoints.

Refutation (Refuatio): In this section, you address anticipated counterarguments that disagree with your thesis. Though you acknowledge the other side’s perspective, it is important to prove why your stance is more logical.  

Conclusion (Peroratio): You should summarize your main points. The conclusion also caters to the reader’s emotions and values. The use of pathos here makes the reader more inclined to consider your argument.  

Example of the Classical Method:  

Introduction (Exordium): Millions of workers are paid a set hourly wage nationwide. The federal minimum wage is standardized to protect workers from being paid too little. Research points to many viewpoints on how much to pay these workers. Some families cannot afford to support their households on the current wages provided for performing a minimum wage job .

Statement of Background (Narratio): Currently, millions of American workers struggle to make ends meet on a minimum wage. This puts a strain on workers’ personal and professional lives. Some work multiple jobs to provide for their families.

Proposition (Propositio): The current federal minimum wage should be increased to better accommodate millions of overworked Americans. By raising the minimum wage, workers can spend more time cultivating their livelihoods.

Proof (Confirmatio): According to the United States Department of Labor, 80.4 million Americans work for an hourly wage, but nearly 1.3 million receive wages less than the federal minimum. The pay raise will alleviate the stress of these workers. Their lives would benefit from this raise because it affects multiple areas of their lives.

Refutation (Refuatio): There is some evidence that raising the federal wage might increase the cost of living. However, other evidence contradicts this or suggests that the increase would not be great. Additionally,   worries about a cost of living increase must be balanced with the benefits of providing necessary funds to millions of hardworking Americans.

Conclusion (Peroratio): If the federal minimum wage was raised, many workers could alleviate some of their financial burdens. As a result, their emotional wellbeing would improve overall. Though some argue that the cost of living could increase, the benefits outweigh the potential drawbacks.

प्रेरक निबंध कैसे लिखें?

• स्मोडिन संपादकीय टीम
• अपडेट किया गया: 5 मई 2024
• सामान्य जानकारी

पहली नज़र में, एक प्रेरक निबंध तैयार करना पार्क में टहलने जैसा लग सकता है। आप एक रुख चुनते हैं, सहायक साक्ष्य इकट्ठा करते हैं और इसे अपने दर्शकों के सामने पेश करते हैं। लेकिन क्या यह सचमुच इतना सरल है?

जैसा कि कोई भी छात्र या शिक्षक जानता है, प्रत्येक प्रेरक निबंध सीधा ए नहीं होता है। यदि आपने कभी शीर्ष ग्रेड की उम्मीद में अपना काम प्रस्तुत किया है और केवल यह प्रतिक्रिया प्राप्त की है कि आपका तर्क त्रुटिपूर्ण या असंबद्ध था, तो आप जानते हैं कि इससे कितनी निराशा हो सकती है।

सच तो यह है कि एक प्रेरक तर्क तैयार करने के लिए केवल तथ्यों को प्रस्तुत करने से कहीं अधिक की आवश्यकता होती है। आपको अपने पाठकों के तर्क को आकर्षित करने की आवश्यकता है और भावनाओं . आपकी कहानी अर्थपूर्ण होनी चाहिए, पढ़ने में आनंददायक होनी चाहिए और अनोखी भी होनी चाहिए।

आज, हम आपके प्रेरक निबंधों को अगले स्तर तक ले जाने के छह सरल तरीकों को कवर करेंगे ताकि आप इसे घर ला सकें कोई ग्रेड आप चाहते हैं.

1. प्रक्रिया में जल्दबाजी न करें

क्या आप यह जानते थे प्रत्येक शब्द प्रकाशित सामग्री में कई संशोधन होते हैं? यह लेखों, ब्लॉगों, पुस्तकों, पत्रिकाओं और निबंधों के लिए सच है।

एक अकादमिक सेटिंग में, कई छात्र मानते हैं कि ग्रेडिंग ढेर तक पहुंचने वाले एक या दो ड्राफ्ट ही मायने रखते हैं, लेकिन ऐसा नहीं है।

अच्छे लेखन को सही करने के लिए कई संशोधनों की आवश्यकता होती है। यदि आप चाहते हैं कि आपका प्रेरक निबंध बाकियों से अलग दिखे, तो ग्रेडिंग के लिए सबमिट करने से पहले कम से कम एक ड्राफ्ट लिखना हमेशा अच्छा होता है।

शुक्र है, उच्च गुणवत्ता वाला निबंध तैयार करना इतना आसान कभी नहीं रहा। उपकरण जैसे स्मोडिन के निबंध लेखक केवल कुछ छोटे शब्दों के साथ सामग्री विकसित करने में आपकी सहायता कर सकता है।

कई अन्य एआई टूल के विपरीत, स्मोडिन आपको प्रक्रिया का पूर्ण नियंत्रण देता है। आप स्पष्ट प्रवाह के साथ एक आकर्षक निबंध बनाने में सक्षम होंगे जिसे पढ़ना आपके शिक्षक या प्रोफेसर के लिए आनंददायक होगा।

सॉफ़्टवेयर के AI-संचालित एल्गोरिदम Google Scholar और अन्य चयनित संसाधनों से सटीक संदर्भ भी उत्पन्न करते हैं।

अपने डेस्क पर बैठकर निराशा से अपने बाल खींचने के बजाय, स्मोडिन को आत्मविश्वास के साथ निबंध लेखन प्रक्रिया में आपका मार्गदर्शन करने दें।

2। अपने दर्शकों को पता

निबंध लेखन का एक महत्वपूर्ण लेकिन अक्सर कम आंका जाने वाला पहलू अपने दर्शकों को समझना है। इसका मतलब यह जानना है कि आपके पाठक कौन हैं और अपने लेखन को उनकी मूल भावनाओं के अनुरूप बनाना है।

उदाहरण के लिए, यदि आप इतिहास की कक्षा के लिए निबंध लिखने वाले छात्र हैं, तो आपका श्रोता सरल है: यह आपका प्रोफेसर है।

इसी तरह, मान लीजिए कि आप किसी विद्वान पत्रिका या प्रकाशन के लिए निबंध लिख रहे हैं। उस स्थिति में, आपके दर्शकों में वे लोग शामिल होंगे जो प्रकाशन के लिए निबंध को मंजूरी देते हैं और पाठक भी शामिल होंगे जो सार्वजनिक रूप से साझा होने के बाद अंततः इसे देखेंगे।

बहुत से लोग निबंध लेखन में केवल इसलिए असफल हो जाते हैं क्योंकि वे अपने मूल श्रोताओं का अध्ययन नहीं करते हैं। 

आपको याद रखना चाहिए कि आपके पाठक मनुष्य हैं, और सभी मनुष्यों के कुछ पूर्वाग्रह और प्राथमिकताएँ होती हैं।

इन पूर्वाग्रहों और प्राथमिकताओं को समझने से आपको अपने निबंध को इस तरह से तैयार करने में मदद मिल सकती है जो सीधे आपके पाठक के हितों और विश्वासों को प्रभावित करता है।

Do सब कुछ आप अपने दर्शकों का अध्ययन कर सकते हैं। उनके दिमाग में जाइए और पता लगाइए कि वे कैसे सोचते हैं, और फिर इस ज्ञान का उपयोग उनकी मूल भावनाओं को आकर्षित करने के लिए करें।

सामान या सेवाएँ बेचते समय पेशेवर कॉपीराइटरों को अपने पाठकों की भावनाओं को समझने के लिए मोटी रकम मिलती है। आप मौद्रिक अर्थ में कुछ भी "बेच" नहीं रहे होंगे, लेकिन आप वांछित परिणाम प्राप्त करने के लिए अपना लेखन बेच रहे हैं।

एक सफल निबंध लेखक बनने के लिए एक विक्रेता की तरह सोचना शुरू करें। आपके पाठक को क्या प्रभावित करेगा? आप उस बारे में क्या लिख ​​सकते हैं जिसके बारे में कोई नहीं लिख रहा है?

एक बार जब आप इसका पता लगा लेते हैं, तो आप पहले ही आधा काम कर चुके होते हैं।

3. अनुनय के तरीकों को समझें

अब जब आप अपने दर्शकों को पूरी तरह से समझ गए हैं, तो अगला कदम एक सम्मोहक तर्क तैयार करना है। यहां, तर्क के तीन रूपों को समझने के लिए कुछ समय लें।

लोकाचार से तात्पर्य एक लेखक के रूप में अपनी विश्वसनीयता या चरित्र स्थापित करने से है। अपने दर्शकों को प्रभावी ढंग से समझाने के लिए, पाठकों को आपको अपने विषय के बारे में भरोसेमंद और जानकार के रूप में देखना चाहिए।

विषय वस्तु की ठोस समझ प्रदर्शित करना और उसमें महारत हासिल करने के लिए आपने समय और प्रयास लगाया है।

दूसरी ओर, पाथोस आपके पाठकों की भावनाओं को आकर्षित करता है। लक्ष्य आपके पाठकों को कुछ महसूस कराना, उनके दृष्टिकोण या निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया को प्रभावित करना है।

छात्रों के लिए, इसका मतलब विषय की भावनात्मक अंतर्धाराओं का दोहन करना या शिक्षक या प्रोफेसर को संलग्न करने के लिए कुछ पूर्वाग्रहों की अपील करना हो सकता है।

इसका मतलब है अपने निबंध को इस तरह से संरचित करना कि उसका तार्किक अर्थ निकले और अपने दावों का समर्थन करने के लिए आंकड़ों, तथ्यात्मक साक्ष्य और ठोस तर्क का उपयोग करना। सभी तर्कों का मजबूत, तर्कसंगत आधार होना चाहिए।

प्रभावी ढंग से एक प्रेरक निबंध लिखने के लिए, आप चाहिए लोकाचार, करुणा और लोगो को मिलाएं।

याद रखें, शिक्षकों, प्रोफेसरों, संपादकों और समीक्षा बोर्ड के सदस्यों के पास पढ़ने के लिए सैकड़ों नहीं तो दसियों निबंध होते हैं। आपको एक व्यापक तर्क तैयार करना होगा जो अलग दिखने के लिए सभी बटनों पर काम करता हो।

यदि आप अपने आगामी निबंध पर ए पाने के लिए बेताब हैं, तो इसका उपयोग करने पर विचार करें स्मोडिन का एआई ग्रेडर अपने निबंध या लेख पर वैयक्तिकृत प्रतिक्रिया प्राप्त करने के लिए।

इस तरह, आप अपना निबंध ले सकते हैं और सबमिट करने से पहले उसे संशोधित कर सकते हैं। और यह निस्संदेह किसी शिक्षक या प्रोफेसर से आपको दोबारा लिखने की भीख मांगने से बेहतर है।

4. विरोधी तर्कों को सीधे संबोधित करें

किसी पद को चुनना और उस पर कायम रहना एक बात है; विरोधी विचारों को पूरी तरह से नजरअंदाज करना दूसरी बात है।

एक सम्मोहक तर्क तैयार करते समय, आपको किसी बिंदु पर असहमतिपूर्ण राय और दृष्टिकोण को संबोधित करना चाहिए। ऐसा न करने पर आपका अपना तर्क ही कमजोर होगा। इसे अपने लेखन में प्रभावी ढंग से शामिल करने के लिए यहां कुछ युक्तियां दी गई हैं।

प्रतिवादों को जानें

आप विरोधी तर्कों को तभी संबोधित कर सकते हैं जब आप पहले उन पर शोध करें। किसी विषय के प्रतितर्कों का उतना ही अध्ययन करें जितना आप अपनी स्थिति का अध्ययन करते हैं।

निष्पक्ष हो

विरोधी तर्कों पर चर्चा करते समय, आपको वस्तुनिष्ठ और पूर्वाग्रह से मुक्त होने की आवश्यकता है। यदि आप इन चीजों को गलत तरीके से प्रस्तुत करते हैं या अति सरलीकरण करते हैं, तो आप अपनी विश्वसनीयता को कम कर देंगे और अपने निबंध को कमजोर कर देंगे।

खंडन तकनीकों का प्रयोग करें

एक बार जब आप विरोधी दृष्टिकोण को संबोधित कर लेते हैं, तो आपको तार्किक तर्क, साक्ष्य और अन्य प्रेरक तकनीकों का उपयोग करके इसका खंडन करना चाहिए। (एक वकील की तरह सोचें।) यहां कुछ सामान्य रणनीतियाँ दी गई हैं।

• साक्ष्य-आधारित तकनीकें: विरोधी तर्क की वैधता को चुनौती देने के लिए बस नवीनतम डेटा या अध्ययन का उपयोग करें।
• तर्क तकनीकें: कोई भी तर्क 100% नहीं है (यहां तक ​​कि आपका भी)। विरोधी तर्क में भ्रांतियों को पहचानें और बताएं कि निष्कर्ष त्रुटिपूर्ण क्यों है।
• तुलनात्मक तकनीकें: अंत में, सीधे अपनी थीसिस की तुलना करें और बताएं कि आपका दृष्टिकोण अधिक सटीक क्यों है। यदि सही ढंग से किया जाए, तो यह आपके निबंध का सबसे मान्य बिंदु हो सकता है।

हर चीज़ को वापस अपनी थीसिस से लिंक करें

किसी विषय पर शोध करते समय, आप स्वयं को परिधीय तर्कों के ढेर में दबा हुआ पा सकते हैं जो विषय से संबंधित हो भी सकता है और नहीं भी। यदि आप किसी तर्क या प्रतितर्क को सीधे अपनी थीसिस से नहीं जोड़ सकते तो इसे काट दें।

स्वीकार करने से न डरें

यह भले ही विरोधाभासी लगे, लेकिन प्रतितर्क की ताकत को स्वीकार करने से आपकी विश्वसनीयता बढ़ सकती है। आप अपनी समग्र स्थिति को कम किए बिना यह दिखा कर एक बात स्वीकार कर सकते हैं कि रियायतों के बावजूद आपकी थीसिस अभी भी कायम है।

बेशक, दर्जनों अकादमिक लेखों या निबंधों को छांटना समय लेने वाला हो सकता है। अनुसंधान प्रक्रिया को बहुत तेज़ करने के लिए, आप इसका उपयोग कर सकते हैं स्मोडिन का पाठ सारांश पाठ के बड़े हिस्सों का विश्लेषण करना और उन्हें अधिक सुपाच्य चीज़ में संक्षिप्त करना।

5. अपनी आवाज़ में लिखें - और अपना लेखन हमेशा ज़ोर से पढ़ें

फैंसी शब्दों या जटिल वाक्यों का उपयोग करने में बहुत अधिक समय बर्बाद न करें। हां, व्याकरण, वाक्यविन्यास और विराम चिह्न आवश्यक हैं, लेकिन आपका मुख्य ध्यान हमेशा स्पष्ट और वास्तविक संचार होना चाहिए।

कभी-कभी थिसॉरस से परामर्श लेना कोई बड़ी बात नहीं है, लेकिन यदि आप लगातार अपने पाठ को ऐसे शब्दों से भर रहे हैं जो अप्राकृतिक लगते हैं, तो आप संभवतः अपने निबंध के संदेश से भटक रहे हैं।

अपने निबंध को ज़ोर से पढ़ना उसके प्रवाह को जांचने का एक शानदार तरीका है। यदि आप अपने स्वयं के शब्दों को पढ़ने का प्रयास करते हैं और उन पर अटक जाते हैं, तो संभावना है कि कुछ गलत है।

अच्छा लेखन एक शब्द से दूसरे शब्द, एक वाक्य से दूसरे वाक्य और एक पैराग्राफ से दूसरे पैराग्राफ तक निर्बाध रूप से प्रवाहित होना चाहिए।

आदर्श रूप से, आपको अपने निबंध पर कुछ समय के लिए बैठने में सक्षम होना चाहिए - मान लीजिए तीन दिन या एक सप्ताह तक - और फिर जब आपका दिमाग ताज़ा हो तो उस पर वापस आएँ।

अपने शब्दों को साफ़ दिमाग से पढ़ें और देखें कि क्या आप अपने तर्क के तर्क का पालन कर सकते हैं। यदि यह सही नहीं लगता है, तो उपयोग करने पर विचार करें स्मोडिन के एआई पुनः लेखक।

यह टूल आपके स्वयं के लेखन की जांच कर सकता है और इसे ताज़ा बनाने के लिए इसे संशोधित कर सकता है या मौजूदा सामग्री ले सकता है और इसे पूरी तरह से अद्वितीय बनाने के लिए इसे संपादित कर सकता है।

6. हमेशा शैक्षणिक सत्यनिष्ठा बनाए रखें

यह संभवतः कहने की आवश्यकता नहीं है, लेकिन आपको अपने लेखन के साथ अकादमिक अखंडता बनाए रखने के लिए हमेशा अपना सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्रयास करना चाहिए। आखिरी चीज जो आप चाहते हैं वह है साहित्यिक चोरी या एआई-जनरेटेड सामग्री के लिए चिह्नित किया जाना।

शुक्र है, ये दो क्षेत्र हैं जहां स्मोडिन मदद कर सकता है। हमारा एआई सामग्री डिटेक्टर यह आसानी से पता लगा सकता है कि आपके लेखन में एआई-जनरेटेड सामग्री है या नहीं। साथ ही, हमारा साहित्यिक चोरी करने वाला यह सुनिश्चित कर सकते हैं कि आपके निबंध में प्रकाशित अकादमिक लेखों का कोई सीधा पाठ शामिल नहीं है।

कुल मिलाकर, स्मोडिन का एआई एक व्यापक टूलसेट प्रदान करता है जो छात्रों और शिक्षाविदों को एक प्रेरक निबंध लिखने के लिए आवश्यक हर चीज देता है।

स्मोडिन को आज ही निःशुल्क आज़माएँ यह देखने के लिए कि क्या आपको अपने लेखन में सुधार करने की आवश्यकता है।

अक्सर पूछे गए प्रश्न

प्रश्न: मैं अपने प्रेरक निबंध के लिए एक मजबूत रुख कैसे चुनूं.

ऐसा विषय चुनें जिसके बारे में आप भावुक हों और जिसके लिए आपको पर्याप्त सहायक साक्ष्य मिल सकें। आपको ऐसा विषय भी चुनना चाहिए जो विरोधी पक्ष के खिलाफ स्पष्ट तर्क देने की अनुमति देता हो।

प्रश्न: मेरे निबंध के लिए सहायक साक्ष्य ढूंढने के लिए सर्वोत्तम स्थान कौन से हैं?

विद्वान पत्रिकाएँ, समाचार संगठन, या सम्मानित और प्रसिद्ध अकादमिक लेखकों की पुस्तकें हमेशा शुरुआत करने के लिए एक अच्छी जगह होती हैं। अकादमिक रूप से स्वीकृत लेखों और डेटा का दायरा बढ़ाने के लिए आप Google Scholar या JSTOR जैसे टूल का उपयोग कर सकते हैं।

प्रश्न: मैं कैसे सुनिश्चित हो सकता हूं कि मेरा प्रेरक निबंध पढ़ना आसान है?

आप हमेशा स्पष्ट और आकर्षक लेखन शैली का उपयोग करना चाहते हैं। आदर्श रूप से, आपको एक अनोखे तरीके से लिखना चाहिए जो आपको अन्य निबंधों से अलग दिखने में मदद करे। दिलचस्प तथ्यों या उपाख्यानों को तार्किक और आसान तरीके से शामिल करना और वाक्य संरचना और शब्दावली में विविधता का उपयोग करने से भी पठनीयता बढ़ सकती है। बस इसे मजबूर मत करो.

प्रश्न: मैं विरोधी तर्कों का खंडन कैसे मजबूत कर सकता हूँ?

प्रतितर्कों को समझना उन पर काबू पाने का पहला कदम है। जब आप अच्छी तरह से शोध किए गए सबूतों के साथ किसी तर्क का जवाब देते हैं जो बेहतर समाधान या परिप्रेक्ष्य प्रस्तुत करता है, तो आप अपने मामले को मजबूत करते हैं और इसे अपने पाठकों के लिए अधिक सम्मोहक और विश्वसनीय बनाते हैं।

प्रश्न: यदि मैं लिखना शुरू करने के बाद अपनी थीसिस बदलना चाहूं तो क्या होगा?

यदि आपको अपना शोध करते समय किसी तर्क के लिए बेहतर सबूत मिलते हैं, तो लेखन प्रक्रिया के बीच में ही अपनी थीसिस को संशोधित करना बिल्कुल ठीक है। यह अनुकूलनशीलता ही लंबे समय में आपके लेखन को मजबूत बनाएगी।

प्रश्न: मुझे अनुसंधान पर कितना समय व्यतीत करना चाहिए?

आम तौर पर, बहुत अधिक समय बर्बाद किए बिना विषय को समझने के लिए जितना आवश्यक हो उतना समय व्यतीत करें। एक भी शब्द लिखे बिना शोध पर घंटों या दिन बर्बाद करना आम बात है। फिर, स्मोडिन जैसे एआई उपकरण प्रक्रियात्मक कार्यों में मदद कर सकते हैं और आपके दिमाग को अधिक रोमांचक कार्यों के लिए मुक्त कर सकते हैं।

प्रश्न: प्रेरक निबंध को समाप्त करने का सबसे अच्छा तरीका क्या है?

एक मजबूत निष्कर्ष अत्यधिक शब्दाडंबर के बिना संपूर्ण होना चाहिए। आप अपने द्वारा प्रस्तुत तर्कों के आलोक में अपनी थीसिस को दोबारा दोहराना चाहते हैं और अपने निबंध के मुख्य बिंदुओं को संक्षेप में प्रस्तुत करना चाहते हैं। अंतिम पैराग्राफ में एक कॉल-टू-एक्शन या विचारोत्तेजक प्रश्न छोड़ने पर विचार करें जो पाठक पर स्थायी प्रभाव छोड़ेगा।

एक विजयी प्रेरक निबंध लिखने में तर्क और तथ्य प्रस्तुत करने से कहीं अधिक शामिल है। आपको सावधानीपूर्वक एक ऐसी कथा तैयार करने की ज़रूरत है जो आपके पाठक के तर्क, भावनाओं और नैतिक मूल्यों को पसंद आए।

स्मोडिन एआई जैसे एआई टूल का उपयोग करके, आप कुछ सरल संकेतों और अपने समय के कुछ मिनटों के साथ रणनीतियों की रूपरेखा तैयार कर सकते हैं, अनुसंधान कर सकते हैं और लेखन प्रक्रिया को तेज कर सकते हैं।

आपको यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए व्यापक प्रयास करना चाहिए कि आपके निबंध सुव्यवस्थित, शक्तिशाली और अत्यधिक आकर्षक हों। इस प्रकार का लेखन अकादमिक पाठकों को पसंद आएगा और यह सुनिश्चित करेगा कि आपको वांछित ग्रेड मिले।

लेखन प्रक्रिया का आनंद लेने और इसके साथ आनंद लेना सीखने की पूरी कोशिश करें। आपकी उंगलियों पर इन नई एआई-संवर्धित तकनीकी प्रगति के साथ, निबंध लेखन पहले से कहीं अधिक सुलभ हो सकता है। किसी भी शैक्षणिक सेटिंग में अपने लेखन को विशिष्ट बनाने के लिए उनकी असीमित शक्ति का उपयोग करें!